While it was definitely there, anti-Semitism had previously not been as strong in fascist Italy as it had been in Germany, and as an independent Axis power was not obligated to treat them as harshly either within the country or in the Italian zone of occupied France (via History). As the Allies advanced through southern Italy in 1943, Benito Mussolini was narrowly rescued from captivity. The German army took effective control over the north and made the Italian dictator a mere puppet for Berlin and their agenda. 

As the Jewish residents of Rome were now being collected by the Germans for deportation, Italian doctors who worked near the ghetto they lived in began recognizing symptoms of “Syndrome K” in several of them (via History Today). According to Quartz, the disease was in fact entirely fictitious, concocted by the staff so that their neighbors would be spared by the “quarantine” process (“K” being a reference to two Nazi officials whose names started with the letter). Fear of contracting the unknown affliction kept most Germans away as the entire hospital staff helped perpetuate the ruse and the “patients” pretended to be gravely ill. Adherence to the plan ultimately helped them and the hospital staff to survive the occupation (via Quartz).