The Crazy Story Of The Scientist Who Sold Nukes To Everyone
When people think of nuclear proliferation, countries such as Iraq, Iran, and North Korea might come to mind. These countries have all been accused, both credibly and otherwise, of developing and spreading technology for the production of nuclear weapons around the globe. But often forgotten is the nuclear-armed country of Pakistan. Although Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal is coming to the forefront today in light of the 2021 Taliban capture of Afghanistan, according to the Brookings Institute, several U.S. presidents have historically turned a blind eye to it in return for Pakistani cooperation against terrorism.
Although Pakistan’s nukes have largely escaped scrutiny, the country, or at very minimum, one of its leading scientists, have been among the biggest and best known nuclear proliferators. Pakistan owes its nuclear weapons to Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan. This man’s scientific knowledge, combined with lax international regulations, and likely complicity of the Pakistani government would not only turn Pakistan into a nuclear power, but also spread the technology to America’s enemies around the globe. This is the crazy story of the scientist who sold nukes to everyone.
Abdul Qadeer Khan's humble beginnings
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, also known as A.Q. Khan, was an unlikely candidate to run an international nuclear smuggling ring. The renowned Pakistani scientist was born to a modest Muslim family in 1936, in the British Indian city of Bhopal. Despite his family’s humble origins, the Financial Times notes that his father was a school headmaster. Thus, Khan was born to a literate family with a tradition of learning. This background would drive Khan to achieve his full educational potential.
Khan’s life changed radically in 1947. According to Stanford University, British India was hastily partitioned upon independence. The Republic of India became a majority Hindu state, while Muslims received the far western and eastern parts of British India, which became Pakistan. The split was anything but peaceful. According to the Financial Times, a young Khan witnessed the horror of Muslim victims of sectarian violence being carried away on trains, among other atrocities. As violence spread, Khan’s family decided to leave India.
According to “Shopping for Bombs: Nuclear Proliferation, Global Insecurity, and the Rise and Fall of the A.Q. Khan Network,” a 16-year old Khan caught the last train out of town and fled India to Karachi, Pakistan in 1952. During his dangerous, intimidation-filled trip, Indian soldiers robbed refugees of their valuables, including Khan’s prized pen, which his brother had given him for his school exams. Despite the hardships, Khan was able to escape and eventually attend college in Karachi. After graduation, he continued his education in Europe.
Abdul Qadeer Khan's graduate career
According to TU Delta, the young Abdul Qadeer Khan studied at West Berlin’s Technische Universität and the Netherlands’ TU Delft, where he earned a Master’s of Science. But he wanted the PhD. As explained in “Shopping for Bombs,” he planned to go back to Pakistan to teach, so a PhD was conducive to his career ambitions.
After his master’s, Khan enrolled in a PhD program in metallurgy at the Catholic University of Leuven. According to the Dr. A.Q. Khan School, he studied under Prof. Martin Brabers. In the meantime, Khan married a Dutch-South African woman named Hendrina, and established himself in the Netherlands. He defended his PhD in 1972, and moved to Amsterdam, where he had obtained a job with Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory (FDO), which was researching and developing uranium enrichment. This career move would play a major part in his future.
Pakistan's humiliation
As Abdul Qadeer Khan completed his studies in Europe, the Indian subcontinent exploded when civil unrest in East Pakistan escalated into open conflict in 1971. According to Al Jazeera, the triggering event was the East Pakistani Awami League’s victory in national elections. The West Pakistani elites, however, refused to hand over power. The army was called in to suppress the resulting political and inter-ethnic violence between local Bengalis and more recent arrivals. This initially localized conflict soon drew India’s attention and escalated into war.
As the situation in East Pakistan deteriorated, civilians sought shelter in India. Faced with a possible humanitarian disaster and an opportunity to weaken its Pakistani rival, India intervened on the side of the rebels. According to Time, Pakistan’s subsequent defeat and the resulting peace were a national humiliation. The country lost over half its population to the newly independent state of Bangladesh while approxmiately one-third of its military personnel was captured. To add insult to injury, India, spurred by China’s 1964 nuclear test, authorized a nuclear program in 1972. According to Global Zero, this program, codenamed Operation Smiling Buddha, yielded a successful nuclear test called Pokhran-1 in 1974. Pakistan’s archenemy was now a nuclear power.
Abdul Qadeer Khan's job
According to the Financial Times, Abdul Qadeer Khan wept bitterly upon hearing the news of Pakistan’s embarrassing defeat. But he still had to work and pay his bills. “Shopping for Bombs” explains that he obtained his job at FDO on the recommendation of his advisor, Prof. Brabers. This prestigious appointment was the best Khan could hope for — definitely better than a position as an obscure academic. FDO was a subcontractor of the Dutch-English-German consortium UCN/URENCO, which produced equipment for uranium enrichment.
There were a few issues with Khan’s appointment to FDO. As the Financial Times notes, much of the organization’s research, especially on ultracentrifuges, was considered sensitive, even though it was for peaceful nuclear energy, not bombs. Thus, Khan was barred from sensitive projects at the request of the Netherlands’ intelligence agency, the BVD. But there seemed to be little risk of espionage. Khan’s wife and in-laws were Dutch, his daughters were Dutch, he spoke fluent Dutch and was well-integrated into Dutch society. He was also not a Soviet, making him an unlikely candidate for a communist spy. Khan was cleared to start work at the lab.
The 'brain box'
The BVD’s fears were partially realized when with just a week on the job, Abdul Qadeer Khan was sent to the Netherlands’ primary uranium enrichment facility in Almelo. According to “Shopping for Bombs,” FDO had developed a security protocol for him to mitigate the risk of espionage. He was restricted (on paper) to a designated office outside the main facility. He was prohibited from wandering about the facility and entering sensitive areas without an escort. Yet thanks to lackadaisical enforcement, this is exactly what Khan did.
Part of Khan’s job was the translation of highly sensitive German documents describing centrifuge designs into Dutch. But according to TU Delta, Khan brought some of these designs home, presumably to copy or share. Colleagues observed him freely roaming the facility, taking notes “in a foreign script” (probably Urdu), suggesting that he was up to something nefarious. According to the Financial Times, alarm bells should have gone off when it was revealed that Khan did most of his work in Almelo’s “brain box,” the storage area for the facility’s most sensitive materials. But for some bizarre reason, Khan worked undisturbed, at least initially. An employee from behind the Iron Curtain may have drawn suspicion, but certainly not a Pakistani. Only Khan’s officemate, photographer Frits Veerman, had any reservations.
Frits Veerman's suspicions
Abdul Qadeer Khan and Frits Veerman (pictured) had become friends. According to IPFM, Veerman frequented Khan’s house for dinner and was considered a family friend and confidant. According to the Financial Times, the two co-workers played tennis on their days off. Khan dropped his guard around Veerman, even telling his colleague that he kept a gold ring as “pocket money” if he needed to “leave quickly.” It would soon become clear what Khan meant.
In 1973, Veerman noticed drawings and plans of centrifuges and other classified material scattered around Khan’s house. At first, Veerman was puzzled. But his suspicions soon proved correct when Khan asked Veerman to photograph sensitive materials for him, which he refused. Veerman also overheard Khan’s calls with Pakistani embassy officials, and he decided to blow the whistle. But Khan was his superior. The head of FDO had known Khan as a student and hired him on Prof. Brabers’ strong recommendation. He had even allowed Pakistani delegations to tour the plant and take discarded centrifuge parts back home. According to IPFM, FDO ordered Veerman to burn evidence in his possession and leave Khan alone. FDO eventually fired Veerman in 1978.
IPFM notes that in 1975, the Dutch government noticed a series of suspicious transactions that FDO could no longer ignore. The Pakistani embassy in Brussels had placed orders for parts that matched components used in classified URENCO centrifuges. Veerman’s hunch had been proven correct. Khan had committed industrial espionage and was passing URENCO’s secrets to Pakistan.
Abdul Qadeer Khan slips away
Once Pakistan’s orders came to light, Dutch intelligence planned to arrest Abdul Qadeer Khan. At the 1975 nuclear trade show in Basel, Switzerland, they had their smoking gun. According to “Peddling Peril: How the Secret Nuclear Trade Arms America’s Enemies,” Khan was caught asking prying questions regarding the identities of URENCO’s suppliers. Dutch intelligence quickly connected the embassy orders with Khan’s requests and prepared to arrest him upon his return to the Netherlands, according to the Financial Times.
Under pressure from economic minister Ruud Lubbers, the Dutch government threw away its chance. According to Lubbers himself (via “Peddling Peril”), it was pure oversight. Lubbers “did not think about nuclear proliferation… to be honest.” He was more concerned that the centrifuge technology would fall into the hands of URENCO’s American and Japanese competitors. This was in violation of Dutch obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which obliged signatories to stop the spread of nuclear weapons. The Financial Times notes that Lubbers was also saving face. He wished to avoid an embarrassing and potentially damaging scandal to the Dutch technology sector. Instead, Lubbers ordered Khan monitored, but found no clear evidence of espionage after Basel.
Lubbers was allegedly not alone in opposing Khan’s arrest. Fearing nuclear proliferation, the BVD had shared information with America’s CIA. But Lubbers claimed that the agency decided to leave Khan alone. While Albright believes that Lubbers was shifting blame, he notes that the CIA allowed Khan to operate with impunity in the 1980’s, suggesting that Lubbers’ claim was at least partly true. Regardless, it was a missed opportunity to stop nuclear proliferation. Khan went on “holiday” with his family to Pakistan and never returned.
Creating a Pakistani nuclear program
Contrary to Lubbers’ fears, Abdul Qadeer Khan had no interest (yet) in sharing his pilfered designs with America, Japan, or anyone else. His goal was a nuclear-armed Pakistan to counterbalance India’s capabilities in the subcontinent. According to the Financial Express, Khan had written to Prime Minister Zulfikar Bhutto in 1974, offering to build a Pakistani nuclear bomb. Despite Khan’s obscurity, Bhutto accepted the offer and set Khan up with a lab called the Khan Research Laboratory (KRL).
Khan faced a number of problems. Initially, he was able to obtain parts from European suppliers, but many of these were quickly banned for export. Khan found an ingenious workaround. He simply ordered sub-parts and duplicated the equipment in Pakistan. Khan’s brother couriered designs and other information from the Netherlands on KLM flights. Equipped with a diplomatic bag, he was exempt from customs searches. The gulf states bankrolled Pakistan’s nuclear program through shady Pakistani banks, and Libya’s Muammar Gaddafi helped Pakistan obtain uranium from Niger when Germany shut off supplies. So Pakistan was hardly alone in this venture.
The program was a resounding success. In 1998, Pakistan conducted its first public nuclear tests at Chagai. But there were repercussions. According to Global Security, the United States cut Pakistan’s foreign aid in 1977. The Conversation notes that across the world, there was the fear of nuclear proliferation among hard-line Islamic states following the Iranian Revolution of 1979. These fears became justified when it was later discovered that the KRL had given material to U.S. rivals.
KRL and nuclear proliferation
In the late 1980’s, the KRL began selling Abdul Qadeer Khan’s technology to other nations with interest in uranium enrichment, including several hardline enemies of the United States. According to Outrider, this business was conducted in the open. The KRL held international conferences where it openly advertised the lab’s capabilities and offered enrichment technologies to anyone willing to pay. It even publicly advertised at international arms shows, suggesting that the lab had some sort of official backing.
The KRL’s public relations campaign paid off in 1987, when it closed a deal with its first client: the Islamic Republic of Iran. According to OpenDemocracy, Khan met with Iranian representatives in a hotel room in Dubai. The Iranians paid $3 million for the centrifuge designs. A second deal was inked in 1993 for actual parts. In 1992, North Korea cut a deal to provide missile technology in return for enrichment equipment. But for whatever reason, no-one linked the deals to Khan. Perhaps Khan should have quit while he was ahead. But he (or his superiors) decided to take on a new client, Libya’s Muammar Gaddafi.
According to Global Security, Khan supplied Libya, which was still under international sanctions, with centrifuge parts produced in Malaysia. American and British intelligence already had suspicions about Libya’s nuclear program and suspected Khan of being the nation’s supplier.
Abdul Qadeer Khan's downfall
According to the Arms Control Association, the United States knew of Abdul Qadeer Khan’s activities by 2000. But U.S. president George W. Bush decided to drop the issue in 2001. According to NTI, Bush did not press Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf about Khan’s activities nor request access to the scientist, who was by now a Pakistani hero. Why? According to a CRS report, Pakistan was a key U.S. ally in the recently-begun War on Terror in neighboring Afghanistan. NTI notes that hunting Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda, and the Taliban was considered of greater importance, so Khan remained a free man.
2003 would prove a turning point in Khan’s life. That year, U.N. weapons inspectors searched the Iranian nuclear facility in the city of Natanz. According to Global Security, the inspectors discovered that Iran had been assembling P-1 and P-2 centrifuges in the facility. No link to Khan and the German models from Almelo, right? Not exactly. According to the Carnegie Endowment, the KRL had modeled these centrifuges on the German prototypes Khan had worked with in the Netherlands. Thus, Iran could only have obtained this specific technology through Khan’s network.
That same year, the Italian navy stopped a ship carrying Malaysian centrifuge parts. According to the BBC, it was bound for Libya, presumably as part of Libya’s nascent nuclear program. Once again, the components of the ship matched those used in Pakistan and URENCO. Caught red-handed, Gaddafi renounced Libya’s nuclear program and possibly tipped off the United States as to the cargo’s origins. Khan was once again in the spotlight.
Pakistani complicity
By 2004, President Pervez Musharraf could no longer defend Abdul Qadeer Khan. Seeking to bury the story to avoid disrupting relations with the United States, Musharraf removed Khan from the KRL. Khan then confessed on national television to running the smuggling ring alone and was pardoned for his crimes. But Khan had a trump card and was unwilling to be a scapegoat. He knew everyone who was complicit in the scheme, including members of the Pakistani army and government.
Although Khan officially acted alone, he soon retracted his statements. According to India’s Economic Times, Khan claimed to have acted with the blessing of the Pakistani government. In fact, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto had ordered the proliferation in the early 1990s. But the story gets crazier. In 2011, Khan claimed that North Korea had paid Pakistani military officials to the tune of $3 million for the technology transfer (via the Washington Post). Khan even produced a letter validating his claims, although its authenticity is disputed.
In 2006, former IAEA chief Hans Blix injected himself into the debate. According to the Hindustan Times, he determined that Khan could not possibly have acted alone, despite his “confession” to the contrary. In 2008, Khan appeared to be vindicated. Pakistani journalist Shyam Bhatia, (via NTI), wrote that Bhutto had personally smuggled nuclear secrets on CDs into North Korea in 1993. If true, it suggests that Musharraf had thrown Khan under the bus to cover up potential government complicity.
Is Abdul Qadeer Khan a hero or a villain?
Although Abdul Qadeer Khan did not act alone, his own words indicate that he was more than happy to commit nuclear espionage and proliferation. Writing in Newsweek, Khan defended his actions as protecting Pakistan from Indian “nuclear blackmail.” Pakistan could not be left at the mercy of a nuclear armed India and expect such an arrangement to end well. A nuclear-armed Pakistan would not have lost half its territory in 1971. So what was Khan’s opinion on proliferation? Khan noted in Newsweek that no nuclear-armed state has ever been invaded or occupied. A nuclear-armed Iraq or Libya “wouldn’t have been destroyed in the way we have seen recently.” In this regard, Khan was correct, as both of his former clients (the Iraqi deal fell through in 1992) have fallen victim to regime change wars. Perhaps Khan really believed that nuclear proliferation would result in a more peaceful and restrained world.
Today, Khan is a regretful man. According to Indian Newspaper Awaz, Khan bemoaned placing nuclear capabilities in the hands of the corrupt Pakistani military. It seemed to him that the Pakistani army no longer felt threatened by India, and was instead focused on holding its own people hostage to preserve its political power. Nevertheless Khan remains a Pakistani national hero. Despite his participation in nuclear proliferation schemes, Pakistanis see him as a patriot who earned Pakistan international respect in its darkest hour. Can both narratives be true at the same time?
213 thoughts on “The Crazy Story Of The Scientist Who Sold Nukes To Everyone”
Leave a Reply
False Things You Believe About The Greatest Generation
What Really Happened To The Ten Commandments Tablets?
How The Original NES Almost Never Made It To The US
The Truth About Black Sunday In The 1930s
The Real Reason The Segway Was A Failure
The Mythology Of Hermes Explained
The Untold Truth Of Jesus
Why Joel Osteen's Teachings Have Been Compared To Atheism
The Real Reason John Quincy Adams Pardoned Two Men For Murder
How Amadeus Ignored Mozart's True Story
I have express a few of the articles on your website now, and I really like your style of blogging. I added it to my favorite’s blog site list and will be checking back soon…
Great goods from you, man. I’ve understand your stuff
previous to and you’re just too great. I actually like what you have acquired here,
really like what you’re stating and the way in which you say it.
You make it entertaining and you still take care of to keep it smart.
I can not wait to read much more from you. This is
really a great web site.
My website http://ivistroy.ru/
Article writing is also a excitement, if you know then you can write if not it is difficult to write.
Here is my site … http://dachnik-info.ru/
This paragraph is really a pleasant one it helps
new the web visitors, who are wishing for blogging.
my website; свести тату минск
Hi it’s me, I am also visiting this web page regularly, this
website is actually pleasant and the viewers are actually sharing
good thoughts.
Here is my web site – сервис хранения вещей
Good day! This is my first visit to your blog!
We are a collection of volunteers and starting a new initiative in a
community in the same niche. Your blog provided us useful information to work on. You have done a wonderful job!
my webpage Хранение вещей Минск
I blog frequently and I really appreciate your content. This great article has really peaked my interest. I am going to bookmark your website and keep checking for new information about once a week. I subscribed to your RSS feed as well.
Greetings I am so glad I found your weblog, I really found you by mistake, while I was researching on Bing for something else, Anyhow I am here now and would just like to say kudos for a fantastic post and a all round thrilling blog (I also love the theme/design), I don’t have time to go through it all at the minute but I have saved it and also added in your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read a lot more, Please do keep up the superb job.
Does your website have a contact page? I’m having problems locating it but, I’d like to send you an e-mail. I’ve got some suggestions for your blog you might be interested in hearing. Either way, great site and I look forward to seeing it improve over time.
You really make it seem so easy with your presentation but I find this topic to be really something which I think I would never understand. It seems too complicated and very broad for me. I am looking forward for your next post, I will try to get the hang of it!
Hi there, I log on to your blogs regularly. Your writing style is awesome, keep doing what you’re doing!
Hi this is somewhat of off topic but I was wondering if blogs use WYSIWYG editors or if you have to manually code with HTML. I’m starting a blog soon but have no coding know-how so I wanted to get advice from someone with experience. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Hi are using WordPress for your blog platform? I’m new to the blog world but I’m trying to get started and create my own. Do you need any coding knowledge to make your own blog? Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Does your site have a contact page? I’m having problems locating it but, I’d like to send you an e-mail. I’ve got some creative ideas for your blog you might be interested in hearing. Either way, great site and I look forward to seeing it develop over time.
I know this if off topic but I’m looking into starting my own blog and was wondering what all is required to get set up? I’m assuming having a blog like yours would cost a pretty penny? I’m not very internet savvy so I’m not 100% positive. Any tips or advice would be greatly appreciated. Cheers
Hey there! I’ve been following your site for a long time now and finally got the bravery to go ahead and give you a shout out from Dallas Tx! Just wanted to mention keep up the excellent job! nastroyke-info.ru
Unquestionably believe that that you stated. Your favourite justification appeared to be at the internet the simplest thing to understand of. I say to you, I definitely get irked even as folks consider concerns that they plainly do not understand about. You controlled to hit the nail upon the top as welland also defined out the whole thing with no need side effect , folks can take a signal. Will likely be back to get more. Thank you mirsadovnikov.ru
Simply want to say your article is as surprising. The clearness in your post is simply nice and i can assume you are an expert on this subject. Well with your permission allow me to grab your RSS feed to keep up to date with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please keep up the gratifying work. glavdachnik.ru
You really make it seem so easy with your presentation however I in finding this topic to be really something which I think I might never understand. It sort of feels too complicated and very vast for me. I am taking a look forward for your next publish, I will try to get the cling of it! удаление пигментных пятен лазером
Aw, this was an extremely nice post. Spending some time and actual effort to make a top notch article but what can I say I put things off a lot and never seem to get anything done. ogorodkino.ru
This is a topic that’s close to my heart… Best wishes! Where are your contact details though? delaremontnika.ru
I am extremely inspired together with your writing skills and alsowell as with the layout on your blog. Is this a paid subject matter or did you customize it yourself? Either way stay up the nice quality writing, it’s rare to peer a nice blog like this one these days.. хранение вещей
I visited several web pages but the audio quality for audio songs present at this website is truly fabulous. Хранение бытовой техники на складе
It’s actually very complex in this busy life to listen news on TV, so I simply use world wide web for that purpose, and get the newest news. Хранение бытовой техники на складе
hi!,I love your writing so so much! percentage we communicate more approximately your post on AOL? I need an expert in this space to solve my problem. May be that is you! Taking a look forward to peer you. просмотры в яппи
Hi my family member! I want to say that this article is awesome, great written and come with almost all significant infos. I’d like to peer more posts like this . Карта мира из дерева на стену
Hey! This post couldn’t be written any better! Reading this post reminds me of my good old room mate! He always kept talking about this. I will forward this article to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read. Thanks for sharing! Карта мира из дерева на стену
I blog frequently and I truly appreciate your content. This great article has really peaked my interest. I am going to book mark your website and keep checking for new information about once a week. I subscribed to your RSS feed as well. Карта мира с подсветкой
This website was… how do I say it? Relevant!! Finally I have found something that helped me. Thank you! Карта мира из дерева на стену
What’s up to all, it’s really a good for me to go to see this web site, it consists of important Information. купить пуговицы
I have fun with, lead to I found exactly what I used to be looking for. You have ended my 4 day long hunt! God Bless you man. Have a nice day. Bye Прогон сайта хрумером
Hello there, You have performed a great job. I will definitely digg it and in my opinion recommend to my friends. I am sure they will be benefited from this site. тахта угловая мягкая спинка
I simply couldn’t go away your website prior to suggesting that I actually
loved the usual info a person supply to your guests? Is going to
be again continuously in order to inspect new posts
Feel free to visit my blog – Трансфер в Шерегеш
You can definitely see your enthusiasm in the article you write. The world hopes for more passionate writers like you who aren’t afraid to mention how they believe. Always go after your heart. логистический центр Минск
Normally I do not read article on blogs, however I wish to say that this write-up very pressured me to try and do so! Your writing taste has been amazed me. Thank you, quite great article. шкафы-купе на заказ в Твери
сколько стоит грамм золота сдать – скупка золота 10к цена за грамм https://www.skupkamsk.site/
Hurrah! After all I got a webpage from where I be able to really take helpful information regarding my study and knowledge. логистический центр Минск
Excellent, what a website it is! This weblog gives useful information to us, keep it up. http://www.bezogoroda.ru
Fine way of describing, and good post to get data concerning my presentation topic, which i am going to convey in academy. Перекладные фокусы
Thanks for the marvelous posting! I seriously enjoyed reading it, you will be a great author. I will make sure to bookmark your blog and will come back in the foreseeable future. I want to encourage you to ultimately continue your great writing, have a nice morning! накрутка лайков в яппи
Howdy! Do you know if they make any plugins to help with SEO? I’m trying to get my blog to rank for some targeted keywords but I’m not seeing very good gains. If you know of any please share. Kudos! smartremstroy.ru
Excellent website you have here but I was curious if you knew of any user discussion forums that cover the same topics talked about in this article? I’d really love to be a part of online community where I can get suggestions from other knowledgeable individuals that share the same interest. If you have any recommendations, please let me know. Appreciate it! daachnik.ru
Appreciate the recommendation. Will try it out. delaremontnika.ru
Very rapidly this site will be famous among all blogging users, due to it’s nice articles twitch.tv
Hi there to all, it’s in fact a pleasant for me to pay a visit this web site, it contains helpful Information. обивка мягкой мебели в Новосибирске
wonderful issues altogether, you just won a emblem new reader. What might you suggest in regards to your post that you simply made a few days ago? Any sure? чеки на гостиницу в москве с подтверждением
I blog frequently and I genuinely appreciate your content. The article has really peaked my interest. I will book mark your site and keep checking for new information about once a week. I subscribed to your RSS feed as well. animal xx
Hello there! This article couldn’t be written any better! Reading through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He always kept talking about this. I’ll forward this information to him. Pretty sure he’ll have a good read. Thanks for sharing! daachkaru
I was recommended this blog by my cousin. I am not sure whether this post is written by him as no one else know such detailed about my difficulty. You are amazing! Thanks! myinfodacha.ru
Great blog you’ve got here.. It’s hard to find high quality writing like yours these days. I really appreciate people like you! Take care!! glavsadovnik.ru
Quality posts is the important to invite the viewers to visit the website, that’s what this web site is providing. раскрутка сайта в google
For most recent news you have to pay a visit web and on world-wide-web I found this web site as a most excellent site for most up-to-date updates. sadounik.ru
tricor sale buy generic fenofibrate cost fenofibrate 200mg
Everything is very open with a very clear description of the issues. It was truly informative. Your website is very helpful. Thanks for sharing! daachka.ru
Pretty great post. I simply stumbled upon your blog and wanted to mention that I have really enjoyed browsing your blog posts. In any case I’ll be subscribing for your feed and I am hoping you write again soon! daa4a.ru
Роскошный мужской эромассаж в Москве выбрать лучший частный эромассаж в Москве
Hi there to all, as I am truly keen of reading this blog’s post to be updated regularly. It contains nice data. www xvideos com zoo
purchase zaditor for sale purchase sinequan online cheap tofranil medication
cheap tadalafil generic buy cialis canada order viagra 50mg for sale
Nice post. I used to be checking continuously this blog and I am inspired! Very useful information particularly the final part 🙂 I deal with such info a lot. I used to be seeking this particular info for a long timelong time. Thank you and good luck. ремонт стеклопакетов в Жодино
Thanks in favor of sharing such a nice thought, article is good, thats why i have read it completely ремонт окон пвх в Жодино
I like the valuable information you provide in your articles. I will bookmark your weblog and check again here frequently. I am quite certain I will learn a lot of new stuff right here! Good luck for the next! фитнес тренер обучение
Hello! I just would like to give you a huge thumbs up for the great info you have here on this post. I will be coming back to your website for more soon. фитнес тренер обучение
precose generic buy precose 50mg online buy griseofulvin online cheap
order minoxytop generic mintop solution buy ed pills generic
Hi to all, it’s in fact a nice for me to visit this website, it consists of important Information. animal full sexy video
I always emailed this weblog post page to all my friends, since if like to read it then my friends will too. daachka.ru
order aspirin 75mg buy imiquimod online order imiquad generic
how to buy dipyridamole plendil order generic pravastatin
Hi, i think that i saw you visited my blog so i got here to go back the choose?.I am trying to find things to improve my website!I guess its ok to use some of your concepts!! bezogoroda.ru
order meloset 3mg generic buy danocrine generic order danocrine 100 mg
duphaston over the counter buy dydrogesterone 10 mg generic jardiance online order
where can i buy florinef brand florinef 100mcg brand loperamide
Have you ever considered about including a little bit more than just your articles? I mean, what you say is valuable and all. Nevertheless think of if you added some great visuals or video clips to give your posts more, “pop”! Your content is excellent but with images and clips, this website could undeniably be one of the very best in its niche. Good blog! химчистка дивана на дому смолевичи
Wow, this post is good, my sister is analyzing these things, so I am going to let know her. чистка дивана на дому цена в жодино
prasugrel price detrol pill where to buy tolterodine without a prescription
monograph online buy mebeverine oral pletal ca
Thank you for the auspicious writeup. It in fact was a amusement account it. Look advanced to far added agreeable from you! By the way, how can we communicate? agrosadovnik.ru
Hey there! This is kind of off topic but I need some advice from an established blog. Is it tough to set up your own blog? I’m not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty fast. I’m thinking about setting up my own but I’m not sure where to start. Do you have any points or suggestions? With thanks sadovoe-tut.ru
brand ferrous 100 mg order generic actonel 35 mg buy betapace pills
pyridostigmine for sale purchase pyridostigmine for sale maxalt 10mg cost
Hello, I check your new stuff daily. Your story-telling style is awesome, keep doing what you’re doing! гостиничные чеки купить
order vasotec online cheap enalapril 10mg sale buy lactulose
betahistine oral haloperidol 10 mg generic buy probalan cheap
order xalatan sale buy generic xeloda order exelon generic
Hello there! This post couldn’t be written any better! Going through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He constantly kept talking about this. I’ll forward this information to him. Pretty sure he will have a very good read. Thanks for sharing! чеки гостиницы с подтверждением
Actually no matter if someone doesn’t understand then its up to other people that they will help, so here it happens. ogorodkino.ru
Good way of explaining, and nice article to take data regarding my presentation topic, which i am going to deliver in institution of higher education. гостиничные чеки москва купить с подтверждением
order omeprazole for sale order prilosec 20mg pill purchase metoprolol sale
Hi, everything is going fine here and ofcourse every one is sharing information, that’s really fine, keep up writing. купить чеки на гостиницу в москве
Hmm it appears like your site ate my first comment (it was extremely long) so I guess I’ll just sum it up what I submitted and say, I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog. I as well am an aspiring blog blogger but I’m still new to the whole thing. Do you have any tips and hints for rookie blog writers? I’d definitely appreciate it. отчетные документы за проживание
order micardis 20mg pill buy molnunat generic purchase molnunat online cheap
I like the valuable information you supply in your articles. I will bookmark your weblog and test again here frequently. I am fairly certain I will be told lots of new stuff right here! Good luck for the following! how to speed up link indexing
cialis tadalafil 20mg order tadalafil 5mg pill purchase viagra online cheap
There is definately a lot to learn about this subject. I like all the points you made. гостиничные чеки купить
Oh my goodness! Amazing article dude! Thank you, However I am encountering difficulties with your RSS. I don’t know why I can’t subscribe to it. Is there anyone else getting the same RSS problems? Anyone who knows the solution will you kindly respond? Thanx!! infoda4nik.ru
Remarkable! Its actually awesome post, I have got much clear idea concerning from this piece of writing. Доставка алкоголя Екатеринбург 24 часа
Hello would you mind stating which blog platform you’re working with? I’m looking to start my own blog in the near future but I’m having a tough time making a decision between BlogEngine/Wordpress/B2evolution and Drupal. The reason I ask is because your design seems different then most blogs and I’m looking for something completely unique. P.S Apologies for getting off-topic but I had to ask! Купить алкоголь с доставкой Екатеринбург
Хотите получить идеально ровный пол без лишних затрат? Обратитесь к профессионалам на сайте styazhka-pola24.ru! Мы предоставляем услуги по стяжке пола м2 по доступной стоимости, а также устройству стяжки пола под ключ в Москве и области. стяжка пола под ключ
компании по снабжению строительных объектов snabzhenie-obektov.ru
I was able to find good info from your blog posts. glavdachnik.ru
azelastine 10ml uk buy generic zovirax 800mg irbesartan generic
order famotidine for sale hyzaar drug order tacrolimus online cheap
Хотите лучшего для своего дома? Механизированная штукатурка стен с mehanizirovannaya-shtukaturka-moscow.ru – это то, что вам нужно. механизированная штукатурка
order nexium sale buy topiramate pill buy topamax 200mg for sale
order zyloprim 100mg generic cheap crestor 10mg buy rosuvastatin pill
Excellent post. I definitely love this website. Continue the good work! гостиничные чеки купить в москве
sumatriptan drug dutasteride cost avodart generic
buspirone tablet order zetia generic buy cordarone online
order ranitidine generic meloxicam oral celecoxib uk
Awesome site you have here but I was wanting to know if you knew of any user discussion forums that cover the same topics talked about in this article? I’d really love to be a part of online community where I can get feed-back from other knowledgeable individuals that share the same interest. If you have any recommendations, please let me know. Cheers! чеки на гостиницу в москве
Aw, this was an incredibly nice post. Finding the time and actual effort to create a good article but what can I say I put things off a lot and never seem to get anything done. отчетные документы за проживание москва
I am extremely impressed with your writing skills and also with the layout on your blog. Is this a paid theme or did you customize it yourself? Either way keep up the nice quality writing, it’s rare to see a nice blog like this one nowadays. где сделать в москве гостиничные чеки
I think what you postedtypedsaidthink what you postedtypedthink what you postedtypedthink what you postedtypedsaidWhat you postedtyped was very logicala ton of sense. But, what about this?think about this, what if you were to write a killer headlinetitle?content?wrote a catchier title? I ain’t saying your content isn’t good.ain’t saying your content isn’t gooddon’t want to tell you how to run your blog, but what if you added a titleheadlinetitle that grabbed a person’s attention?maybe get a person’s attention?want more? I mean %BLOG_TITLE% is a little vanilla. You ought to peek at Yahoo’s home page and see how they createwrite post headlines to get viewers interested. You might add a video or a related pic or two to get readers interested about what you’ve written. Just my opinion, it could bring your postsblog a little livelier. чеки гостиницы с подтверждением
Today, I went to the beach with my kids. I found a sea shell and gave it to my 4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She put the shell to her ear and screamed. There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear. She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is entirely off topic but I had to tell someone! гостиничные чеки куплю
Thank you, I have recently been searching for information approximately this topic for ages and yours is the best I have came upon so far. However, what about the conclusion? Are you positive about the source? чеки на гостиницу
It’s hard to find educated people for this topic, but you sound like you know what you’re talking about! Thanks сделать гостиничные чеки
Hello there! I just want to give you a huge thumbs up for the great info you have here on this post. I will be coming back to your blog for more soon. гостиничные чеки
Hello there! I could have sworn I’ve been to this website before but after going through some of the posts I realized it’s new to me. Anyways, I’m definitely pleased I came across it and I’ll be bookmarking it and checking back regularly! сделать чеки на гостиницу в москве
buy domperidone 10mg without prescription order sumycin 500mg sale tetracycline tablet
Good post. I’m facing some of these issues as well.. Заказать SEO продвижение
I was able to find good information from your articles. pln.by
Have you ever considered about including a little bit more than just your articles? I mean, what you say is fundamental and all. Nevertheless think about if you added some great pictures or video clips to give your posts more, “pop”! Your content is excellent but with images and clips, this site could undeniably be one of the most beneficial in its niche. Awesome blog! akimataktobe.kz
Howdy just wanted to give you a quick heads up. The text in your post seem to be running off the screen in Ie. I’m not sure if this is a format issue or something to do with internet browser compatibility but I thought I’d post to let you know. The design and style look great though! Hope you get the problem resolved soon. Kudos yk.kz
Undeniably believe that which you stated. Your favorite justification appeared to be on the net the simplest thing to be aware of. I say to you, I definitely get irked while people consider worries that they plainly do not know about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top as well as defined out the whole thing without having side effect , people can take a signal. Will likely be back to get more. Thanks banana.by
I think the admin of this web site is really working hard in favor of his site, as here every stuff is quality based data. http://www.websmi.by
Pretty nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I have really enjoyed browsing your blog posts. In any case I’ll be subscribing to your feed and I hope you write again soon! people.dp.ua
Why users still use to read news papers when in this technological world everything is existing on net? hard-life.kz
Hi there! This is my first visit to your blog! We are a group of volunteers and starting a new initiative in a community in the same niche. Your blog provided us valuable information to work on. You have done a marvellous job! business-guide.com.ua
This is my first time pay a visit at here and i am actually happy to read all at alone place. newshay.com
Thank you, I have recently been searching for information approximately this topic for a while and yours is the best I have came upon so far. However, what about the conclusion? Are you positive concerning the source? http://www.ecopress.by
Hi everybody, here every one is sharing these experience, thus it’s good to read this website, and I used to visit this webpage daily. ameyawdebrah.com
Thank you for any other informative web site. Where else may just I am getting that kind of info written in such a perfect approach? I have a project that I am simply now operating on, and I have been at the glance out for such information. http://www.middleeaststar.com
Hi there I am so happy I found your weblog, I really found you by error, while I was browsing on Digg for something else, Anyhow I am here now and would just like to say many thanks for a marvelous post and a all round exciting blog (I also love the theme/design), I dont have time to browse it all at the minute but I have book-marked it and also included your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read much more, Please do keep up the awesome jo. http://www.beirutnews.net
I used to be recommended this website through my cousin. I am now not positive whether this post is written by way of him as no one else recognise such exact approximately my problem. You are wonderful! Thank you! http://www.jamaicanews.net
I’m not positive where you are getting your info, however good topic. I needs to spend a while learning more or understanding more. Thank you for wonderful information I used to be in search of this information for my mission. http://www.bahrainnews.net
There is definately a lot to learn about this topic. I like all the points you made. http://www.ieyenews.com
I will right away take hold of your rss as I can not in finding your email subscription link or newsletter service. Do you have any? Please permit me recognize so that I may subscribe. Thanks. http://www.israelnews.net
I don’t know if it’s just me or if everyone else experiencing problems with your blog. It appears like some of the text on your posts are running off the screen. Can someone else please comment and let me know if this is happening to them too? This could be a problem with my browser because I’ve had this happen before. Thank you http://www.arabherald.com
I am truly pleased to read this weblog posts which consists of plenty of useful information, thanks for providing such information. http://www.dubainews.net
Hi, Neat post. There is a problem with your web site in internet explorer, could check this? IE still is the marketplace leader and a large portion of other people will miss your fantastic writing due to this problem. http://www.israelherald.com
Awesome things here. I’m very glad to peer your article. Thank you so much and I’m taking a look forward to touch you. Will you please drop me a mail? http://www.iraqnews.net
Spot on with this write-up, I honestly feel this website needs far more attention. I’ll probably be back again to read more, thanks for the information! http://www.capetownexpress.com
Good info. Lucky me I ran across your site by accident (stumbleupon). I have bookmarked it for later! http://www.egyptnews.net
I all the time emailed this webpage post page to all my associates, because if like to read it next my links will too. http://www.theturkeynews.net
Its like you read my mind! You seem to understand so much approximately this, like you wrote the e-book in it or something. I feel that you could do with some p.c. to force the message house a bit, however other than that, this is wonderful blog. An excellent read. I’ll definitely be back. http://www.ugandanews.net
I like the valuable information you provide in your articles. I will bookmark your weblog and check again here frequently. I am quite certain I will learn lots of new stuff right here! Good luck for the next! http://www.uaenews.net
I simply could not leave your site prior to suggesting that I really enjoyed the standard information a person supply in your visitors? Is going to be back incessantly in order to check out new posts http://www.kuwaitnews.net
If some one needs expert view about blogging then i propose him/her to go to see this website, Keep up the good job. сдать старый кабель
I don’t even know the way I ended up here, however I thought this post was good. I don’t understand who you’re however definitely you are going to a famous blogger if you are not already. Cheers! http://www.caironews.net
Very good blog! Do you have any tips and hints for aspiring writers? I’m planning to start my own website soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Would you suggest starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many choices out there that I’m totally confused .. Any ideas? Many thanks! http://www.iraqsun.com
I was very happy to find this site. I want to to thank you for your time due to this wonderful read!! I definitely loved every little bit of it and I have you book-marked to see new things on your web site. http://www.egyptnews.net
Saved as a favorite, I like your blog! http://www.kenyastar.com
These are really great ideas in regarding blogging. You have touched some nice factors here. Any way keep up wrinting. http://www.jordannews.net
Great beat ! I wish to apprentice while you amend your web site, how can i subscribe for a blog site? The account aided me a acceptable deal. I had been tiny bit acquainted of this your broadcast provided bright clear concept http://www.lebanonnews.net
Why users still use to read news papers when in this technological world all is existing on net? http://www.kingstonnews.net
Greetings! I know this is kinda off topic however I’d figured I’d ask. Would you be interested in exchanging links or maybe guest writing a blog article or vice-versa? My site goes over a lot of the same subjects as yours and I believe we could greatly benefit from each other. If you happen to be interested feel free to send me an e-mail. I look forward to hearing from you! Awesome blog by the way! http://www.havananews.net
Thanks for sharing such a nice thought, post is nice, thats why i have read it completely http://www.caribbeannews.net
Every weekend i used to visit this site, because i want enjoyment, since this this site conations really good funny data too. http://www.haitinews.net
Great post but I was wondering if you could write a litte more on this topic? I’d be very grateful if you could elaborate a little bit more. Cheers! http://www.telavivnews.net
Hi, Neat post. There is a problem with your web site in internet explorer, could check this? IE still is the marketplace leader and a large section of other folks will miss your fantastic writing due to this problem. http://www.yemennews.net
I simply could not depart your site prior to suggesting that I extremely enjoyed the standard information a person supply in your visitors? Is going to be back regularly in order to inspect new posts http://www.palestiniannews.net
I am extremely inspired together with your writing talents and alsowell as with the format on your blog. Is this a paid topic or did you customize it yourself? Either way stay up the nice quality writing, it’s rare to see a nice blog like this one these days.. http://www.omannews.net
I don’t even know how I ended up here, but I thought this post was good. I don’t know who you are but definitely you are going to a famous blogger if you are not already 😉 Cheers! http://www.saudiarabianews.net
Wonderful blog! Do you have any suggestions for aspiring writers? I’m planning to start my own website soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Would you suggest starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many choices out there that I’m totally confused .. Any ideas? Thank you! http://www.azerbaijannews.net
Write more, thats all I have to say. Literally, it seems as though you relied on the video to make your point. You clearly know what youre talking about, why waste your intelligence on just posting videos to your site when you could be giving us something enlightening to read? http://www.zambianews.net
Greetings! Quick question that’s entirely off topic. Do you know how to make your site mobile friendly? My site looks weird when viewing from my iphone 4. I’m trying to find a theme or plugin that might be able to fix this problem. If you have any suggestions, please share. Thanks! http://www.thecubanews.net
I like the valuable information you supply on your articles. I will bookmark your weblog and test again here frequently. I am relatively certain I will be told lots of new stuff right here! Good luck for the following! http://www.trinidadnews.net
you are in point of fact a just right webmaster. The site loading speed is incredible. It sort of feels that you are doing any unique trick. In addition, The contents are masterpiece. you have performed a wonderful process in this matter! http://www.trinidadtimes.com
Greetings from Los angeles! I’m bored to death at work so I decided to check out your site on my iphone during lunch break. I enjoy the knowledge you present here and can’t wait to take a look when I get home. I’m shocked at how quick your blog loaded on my mobile .. I’m not even using WIFI, just 3G .. Anyhow, fantastic site! http://www.kti.com.ua
No matter if some one searches for his essential thing, so he/she desires to be available that in detail, so that thing is maintained over here. footballghana.com
Hey There. I found your blog using msn. This is a very smartly written article. I will be sure to bookmark it and come back to read more of your useful information. Thank you for the post. I will definitely comeback. http://www.bangladeshnews.net
A person necessarily lend a hand to make seriously articles I might state. This is the first time I frequented your web page and so far? I amazed with the research you made to create this actual publish amazing. Great activity! http://www.bangladeshsun.com
First off I want to say wonderful blog! I had a quick question that I’d like to ask if you don’t mind. I was curious to know how you center yourself and clear your mind before writing. I have had a tough time clearing my mind in getting my thoughts out. I do enjoy writing but it just seems like the first 10 to 15 minutes are generally wasted just trying to figure out how to begin. Any suggestions or tips? Cheers! http://www.winnipegnews.net
This text is invaluable. Where can I find out more? http://www.vancouverstar.com
you are in reality a good webmaster. The site loading velocity is incredible. It sort of feels that you are doing any unique trick. Also, The contents are masterpiece. you have performed a wonderful activity in this topic! http://www.calgarymonitor.com
I know this website gives quality based articles and other data, is there any other web site which offers these information in quality? ekaraganda.kz
Сделайте свой ремонт проще: выберите машинную штукатурку на mehanizirovannaya-shtukaturka-moscow.ru. Просто, быстро, качественно. bitokvesnuhin
cheap research papers for sale mba essay service get assignments done online
buy generic aldactone 25mg buy valtrex 500mg pills purchase finasteride generic
Wow that was odd. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say great blog! Заказать SEO продвижение
aurogra 100mg tablet sildenafil professional buy estrace pill
order fluconazole 200mg pill ciprofloxacin 1000mg canada order cipro generic
buy lamictal tablets how to buy minipress oral mebendazole 100mg
metronidazole ca keflex 500mg canada cheap keflex
I am extremely inspired together with your writing skills and alsosmartly as with the format on your blog. Is this a paid subject or did you customize it yourself? Either way stay up the nice quality writing, it’s rare to peer a nice blog like this one nowadays.. краска для одежды
Yes! Finally something about %keyword1%. autocad
clindamycin where to buy purchase cleocin generic ed pills
tretinoin gel tablet avanafil where to buy stendra online
nolvadex drug budesonide order rhinocort price
purchase tadacip for sale buy cheap generic diclofenac indomethacin 50mg oral
cefuroxime 250mg over the counter cefuroxime online order robaxin pills
If you are going for best contents like me, only go to see this web site everyday because it provides quality contents, thanks https://crazysale.marketing/
how to get lamisil without a prescription real money online casino spins real money online
desyrel without prescription buy cheap clindamycin clindamycin without prescription
It’s in point of fact a nice and helpful piece of information. I’m glad that you shared this helpful info with us. Please stay us informed like this. Thanks for sharing. клиника психотерапии
order aspirin 75 mg pill real casino slot machine games casino moons online casino
college essay service buy suprax 100mg sale cefixime buy online
pre written essays for sale essay writing sites roulette online
buy trimox no prescription biaxin ca order clarithromycin online cheap
rocaltrol 0.25mg us fenofibrate canada buy fenofibrate 200mg online
order clonidine 0.1mg online cheap meclizine 25 mg for sale buy cheap generic tiotropium
strongest non prescription acne treatment acne oral medication for teenagers order trileptal
minocycline without prescription order requip 2mg for sale buy ropinirole
buy cheap alfuzosin generic allergy medication list alternatives to paracetamol for headaches
Link exchange is nothing else but it is only placing the other person’s website link on your page at proper place and other person will also do same for you. интернет запчасти
It’s very trouble-free to find out any topic on net as compared to books, as I found this piece of writing at this site. ремонт сантехники краснодар
order femara 2.5mg pills order generic aripiprazole aripiprazole 20mg uk
Hi, I do believe this is an excellent web site. I stumbledupon it 😉 I’m going to come back once again since I book marked it. Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and continue to help other people. купить ковер 3 на 4
medication becoming reliant on nicotine homeopathic way to quit smoking painkillers online legally
cyproheptadine where to buy how to buy cyproheptadine ketoconazole order online
antiviral drugs for herpes simplex latest news on diabetes type 2 cure new diabetic medicines list
I couldn’t resist commenting. Perfectly written! seo оптимизация